Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in Coastal Cities: A Comprehensive Review of Approaches and Challenges

Abstract

Coastal cities, which host a significant and growing portion of the global population and economic activity, are at the forefront of the climate crisis. They face existential threats from sea-level rise (SLR), increased frequency and intensity of storm surges, coastal erosion, and saltwater intrusion. In response, a diverse portfolio of adaptation strategies has emerged. This paper provides a comprehensive review of these strategies, categorizing them into three primary types: hard engineering, soft engineering/ecosystem-based approaches, and institutional/policy-based measures. It examines the theoretical underpinnings, practical applications, benefits, and limitations of each category. Furthermore, the paper critically analyzes the cross-cutting challenges that impede the effective implementation of adaptation measures, including financial and economic constraints, governance and institutional barriers, social equity and justice concerns, and technical and informational gaps. The review concludes that no single strategy is a panacea. Effective and sustainable adaptation requires a paradigm shift towards integrated, hybrid approaches that combine grey and green infrastructure, are supported by robust and flexible governance frameworks, and are fundamentally centered on principles of equity and justice. This integrated approach, often termed “adaptive pathways,” is essential for building long-term resilience in the world’s vulnerable coastal urban centers.