Exercise Interventions for Sarcopenia in Older Adults: Effects on Muscle Strength and Physical Function

Abstract

Sarcopenia is an age-related syndrome characterized by progressive decline in skeletal muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical function, which can significantly affect the independent living ability and quality of life of older adults. With population aging, sarcopenia has become an important health issue in geriatric medicine. Exercise intervention is considered one of the most effective non-pharmacological strategies for preventing and managing sarcopenia because it can stimulate muscle adaptation, improve neuromuscular function, and enhance daily activity capacity. Different exercise modalities, including resistance exercise, aerobic exercise, balance training, traditional Chinese exercises, and combined exercise programs, have shown positive effects on muscle strength and physical performance in older adults with sarcopenia. Resistance exercise can promote muscle protein synthesis and improve indicators such as handgrip strength and gait speed, while multimodal exercise programs may provide additional benefits by simultaneously improving muscle function, balance, and mobility. However, differences in exercise intensity, intervention duration, individual health status, and adherence may influence clinical outcomes. This article discusses the characteristics of sarcopenia in older adults, the mechanisms of exercise intervention, the effects of different exercise modalities on muscle strength and physical function, and the challenges in clinical application, aiming to provide theoretical support for the development of individualized exercise strategies for sarcopenia management.