Innovation in Science and Technology

Alloy Design and Optimization of Heat Treatment Cycle to Develop Ultra High Strength with Superior Ductility Bainitic Steel

J N Mohapatra — 2025-03-31

Bainitic steel with YS> 600 MPa, UTS>1100 MPa and TE>20 % was developed in the present study with alloy design and optimization of heat treatment cycle. The steel with a chemical composition (wt.%) 0.2C-1.7%Si-2%Mn-0.9%Cr-0.2%C-0.18%Mo-0.07Nb-0.04Ti was induction melted and forged followed by slicing to 2mm thick sheets. The sheets were then subjected to inter critical annealing with 70% austenite and fully austenitized (above A3) followed by salt bath holding in the range of 350 to 480oC. YS, UTS and TE decreased in the case of inter critical annealing followed by increase in salt bath holding temperature due to the coarser lath structure of the bainites whereas the UTS increased with drastic decrease in the elongation and no significant change in the YS for the steel austenitized above A3 followed by increase in bainitic holding temperature due to the transformation of globular type bainite to lath type bainites and their further coarsening. It was found that the steel austenitized above A3 followed by salt bath holding at 350oC gives the best properties due to the presence of granular type bainite in the range of 50-55% along with fine precipitates in addition to the TRIP effect for the presence of 10% retained austenite. Presence of fine precipitates of micro alloying elements further improves the mechanical properties of the steel.

The Interpersonal Whole Brain Model of Care™: Utilizing the Union of Science & Love to Meet the Needs of Neurodivergent Populations

A Amy O’ Dell — 2025-03-31

The Interpersonal Whole Brain Model of Care™ (IWBMC™) addresses the increasing prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders through an innovative blend of science and compassionate care. Developed by Amy O’Dell and applied at Jacob’s Ladder School, this model includes seven interconnected elements: Spirit & Will, Neurodevelopmental Methodology, Learning Style, Emotional-Relational-Behavioral Assessments, Physiological Factors, Social Structure, and Whole Person Integration. Rooted in interpersonal neurobiology and positive psychology, the IWBMC™ formulates personalized care plans within a therapeutic ecosystem anchored by hope, truth, and love, recognizing each client not merely as their diagnosis but as “a soul ready to be cared for.”

Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Infection: A Prevention Strategy Through Hygienic Maintenance and Vaccination

Haradhan Kumar Mohajan — 2025-03-31

Hepatitis is considered as the inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver damageable, but vaccine-preventable disease that is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). It is transmitted through food and water by oral-fecal contact that is contaminated with the undetectable microscopic stool (feces, poop) of an infected person with HAV that are too small to be seen. This virus can be spread through the household or sexual contact with an infected person. It can survive for extended periods in the environment. It is one of the widespread viruses that cause hepatitis all around the globe. Younger children are asymptomatic, but infection symptoms begin to clearer among the adults. The disease is self-limited. Hepatitis A vaccine is developed in 1995 in the USA that may protect against disease for as long as 20 to 30 years. This study aims to prevent and treat the hepatitis A viral infection for reducing morbidity and mortality through the hygiene practice and vaccination in due time.

Research Progress in Lithium Recycling: A Mini Review

Jianxun Yu — 2025-03-31

The execution of the dual carbon strategy has expedited the swift advancement of the new energy sector, resulting in a substantial rise in the demand for lithium resources. The process of lithium recycling can mitigate the environmental challenges associated with lithium extraction, thereby underscoring the growing importance of lithium recycling. This paper focuses on the essential technologies utilized for the recovery of lithium and other metals from diverse categories of waste lithium-ion batteries. These technologies include pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and bio-metallurgy. Additionally, the paper delineates the various stages involved in the recycling process. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of various technologies used for lithium recovery, examining their respective processes, advantages and disadvantages, efficiency in lithium recovery, associated costs, environmental implications, and degree of commercialization. While there is a growing concern regarding the advancement of various lithium recycling technologies, the current efficiency of lithium recycling remains significantly constrained. It is anticipated that this paper will further stimulate interest in the field of lithium recycling.