Journal of Innovations in Medical Research

Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Medicine: A SWOT Analysis of AI ‎Progress in Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Safety

Tue, 03 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly recognized as a developing driver of innovation in clinical medicine, with reported advancements in diagnosis, treatment, and patient safety. Its capabilities may support new applications in care delivery and quality improvement, though the full extent of its impact remains under investigation. ‎This analysis aimed to explore recent advances in AI across clinical laboratory medicine, infectious disease management, and pharmacovigilance, drawing insights from a ‎peer-reviewed English literature published between 2019 and 2024. The study presented a descriptive literature review using the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) framework to examine recent AI developments in selected clinical domains, noting its emerging role and potential relevance in clinical settings. In clinical laboratories, AI has been associated with improved diagnostic accuracy and operational efficiency, while in infectious diseases, it has enabled ‎rapid pathogen identification and precision-guided treatments. In pharmacovigilance, AI has been explored for its potential to enhance predictive analytics and real-time monitoring, which may have contributed to reducing medication-related errors and adverse drug events. Despite these reported benefits, AI adoption raised critical concerns, including data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the ongoing need for human oversight. Addressing these challenges is essential to promote ethical, transparent, and appropriate AI integration into clinical medicine. By addressing these complexities, AI may unlock new opportunities in personalized medicine, safety, and care delivery, positioning it as a supportive tool in the evolving landscape of clinical practice.‎

Histopathological and Biochemical Evaluation of β-Sitosterol from Lawsonia Inermis in Aspartame-Induced Testicular Toxicity in Wistar Rats

Fri, 06 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: This study aims to evaluate the modulatory impact of β-sitosterol isolated from lawsonia inermis on Aspartame mediated testicular toxicity in Wistar rats. Settings and Design: Forty-five male Wistar rats were used for the study. The rats were divided into nine groups; each containing five rats and were treated daily for 30 days. Group 1 received 5mls of distilled water orally, group 2 received 40mg/kg of aspartame (ASP) for 20 days, while group 3 received 160mg/kg of ASP for 20 days, and group 4 was given 60mg/kg of β-sitosterol (β-sit.) for 20 days, while group 5 received 100mg/kg of β-sit. for 20 days. Group 6 received 40mg/kg of ASP for 15days followed by 60mg/kg β-sit. for the next 15 days, while group 7 had 160mg/kg ASP for 15 days, then 100mg/kg of β-sit for 15 days. Group 8 was given 60mg/kg β-sit. for 15 days, preceding 40mg/kg ASP for 15 days while group 9 received 100mg/kg β-sit. for 15 days, then 160mg/kg ASP for 15 days. Results: At the end of the experiment it was observed that there was less weight gained in group 2, 3, 6 and 8 while group 5 and 7 gained weight significantly. Histological studies using H&E showed cellular necrosis within the seminiferous tubules (ST) as well as marked edema in the intertubular spaces in groups 2 and 3 while group 4 appeared fairly normal, groups 5 and 6 showed the lumen with very few spermatozoa present. Groups 7, 8, and 9 had normal seminiferous tubules with mild edema levels in the intertubular spaces. These observations were corroborated by PAS staining technique which further revealed extensive erosion of the basement membrane and loss of connective tissue and Leydig cells in groups 2 and 3 including cellular distortion, groups 5, 6, 8, and 9 showed mild to moderate levels of edema in the intertubular spaces. An assay of GPX showed increased levels mostly in group 3 (p‹0.05). MDA was also significantly higher in groups 2, 3 and 6 (p‹0.05). Catalase activity decreased significantly in groups 2, 3, and 5 (p‹0.05) with improvements in groups 6, 7, and 8. Conclusion: It was observed from the results that aspartame can induce a series of deleterious oxidative changes in the testes resulting in possible impaired testicular function, however, β-sitosterol isolated from lawsonia inermis may modulate the effects of aspartame when administered 15 days sequel to an initial 15 days exposure to aspartame.

Mini Review: Artificial Intelligence and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Fri, 06 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by significant clinical heterogeneity, posing substantial challenges in diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment. Artificial Intelligence (AI), with its ability to analyze large and multidimensional datasets, offers innovative solutions to address these challenges. This review explores the current applications of AI in SLE research, highlighting its role in early diagnosis, biomarker discovery, imaging analysis, and personalized treatment strategies. We also discuss the integration of AI in disease monitoring, including the prediction of flares and remote patient management through telemedicine platforms. Despite its promise, the implementation of AI in SLE faces challenges such as data quality issues, ethical concerns, and the need for algorithm interpretability. Looking ahead, advancements in AI techniques, multi-omics integration, and interdisciplinary collaboration hold potential to overcome these barriers and transform SLE care. By synthesizing existing literature, this review underscores the transformative potential of AI in improving diagnostic accuracy, optimizing therapeutic interventions, and enhancing patient outcomes in SLE. Future research should focus on addressing current limitations and fostering equitable, clinically relevant AI applications to advance the field of lupus research and care.

Management Strategies of Fatal Liver Infection Due to Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

Haradhan Kumar Mohajan — Fri, 06 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Hepatitis is a liver inflammatory disease that can cause severe liver scarring. Hepatitis C is a blood-borne fatal disease of the liver that is caused by a virus called the hepatitis virus C (HCV), which lives in liver tissue and blood. It can be both an acute (short-term) illness (25-15%) and a chronic (long-term) infection (75-85%) that may gradually damage the liver. It is characterized by possible development of both liver and extra-hepatic disorders. The HCV infection is usually asymptomatic. Chronic infection with the HCV represents a major health problem worldwide that accounts for life-threatening liver disease, such as liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), liver failure, and ultimately needs liver transplantation, or to face unexpected premature death. Early treatment for hepatitis C is highly cost-effective and disease progression restricted, and can be avoided end-stage liver disease. The aim of this study is to identify the risk factors, transformation rout, and complication of HCV for the management of the disease to save millions of lives.

The Risk Assessment for Malignant Conversion of Cervical Pre-Neoplastic and Other Lesions by High Risk HPV and Relevant Markers

Dipanwita Ghosh, Avirup Roy, Asoke K. Roy — Tue, 15 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Objective is to identify high risk cases of cervical pre -neoplastic lesions through the study of p16 (HR-HPV), Ki-67, DNA ploidy & Apoptosis. Western Blot analysis was performed to identify the high-risk HPV association. Immunohistochemistry was done to study Ki-67; DNA content study was performed with the help of FACS & Apoptotic index was studied by Tunnel Assay. The association of p16 with the cervical pre-neoplastic pathology was not only strong but also very significant. In this study, 72% cases were positive, and 28% cases were negative for p16 study by Western Blot analysis. Only 2 cases of other associated conditions (Koilocytosis) showed positivity for p16. The study of Ki-67 was also highly significant & showed positivity in 73% cases and has similarity with other studies. The test of proportion showed that patients with positive TUNEL assay (63%) were significantly higher than patients with negative TUNEL assay (37%) (p<0.00024). To conclude, in India, Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women. It is preceded by cervical pre neoplastic lesions (CINS). Apart from HR HPV expressed in CIN’s, condyloma, cervicitis, reactive cellular and koilocytotic changes are also caused by HR HPV. Therefore, study of HR HPV association along with identification of DNA status, Ki67 expression and Apoptosis play a very important and crucial part for risk assessment and should be done at the earliest for cervical cancer prevention.

Compliance with Hygiene Protocols Related to the Dress Code of Nursing Students

Harrathi Amina1, Thabet Maissa, Naceur Feriel, Ben Mansour Amira, Bergaoui Ines — Tue, 15 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) affect up to 20% of hospitalized patients in developing countries. Hygiene dress code protocols play a vital role in infection prevention, particularly among nursing students, whose attire and behavior in clinical settings can significantly impact cross-contamination risks. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of nursing students regarding compliance with hygiene-related dress code protocols, with a focus on uniform use, changing habits, and adherence outside healthcare settings. Methods: A descriptive, quantitative, and observational study was conducted from January to March 2024 at the Institut Supérieur Privé des Études en Sciences Infirmières (ISEPSI). A total of 200 randomly selected second- and third-year nursing students completed a structured, anonymous questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: The majority of participants were female (80.5%) with a mean age of 23.1 years. Most recognized key elements of appropriate clinical attire, including clean uniforms (93%) and no jewelry (87.5%). While 82% were aware of official dress protocols, only 56% systematically changed attire when entering and leaving clinical facilities. Notably, 49% admitted wearing uniforms outside the healthcare environment. Key barriers to adherence included lack of time (82.05%), inadequate changing facilities (69.23%), lack of spare uniforms (61.53%), and work pressure (51.28%). Only 46% ensured they avoided touching non-sterile areas of their attire after hand hygiene. Students strongly supported increased awareness efforts, practical training, access to extra uniforms, and improved changing infrastructure. Conclusion: Despite good awareness of hygiene protocols, nursing students face several obstacles in implementation, primarily due to systemic and logistical challenges. Reinforcing hands-on training, improving facilities, and enhancing supervisory support are essential to promote compliance, reduce infection risks, and strengthen professional conduct in clinical environments.

A Longitudinal Study on the Perioperative Period of Cardiac Surgery — Multiple Interactions and Effects of Heparin Pleiotropy and Immune Microenvironment

Qi Chen, Qianqian Zhang, Guanjun Li, Honglei Chen, Ping Li — Tue, 15 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Objective: To investigate the differences and trends of multiple monitoring indicators during the peri-cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) period in patients undergoing heart transplantation (HTx) and ventricular assist device (VAD) implantation, and to explore the interaction and impact of unfractionated heparin (UFH) on the immune microenvironment under short-term, high-dose UFH administration. Methods: This prospective study enrolled 15 HTx and 19 VAD recipients between 2023 and 2024. Monitoring was conducted at five observation points: pre-CPB, 30 min post-CPB, before shutdown, 10 min post-heparin neutralization, and 30 min post-heparin neutralization. Coagulation function (TAT, PIC, D-dimer, etc.), inflammatory markers (IL-6, etc.), and endothelial injury markers (TM, etc.) were assessed, with Anti-Xa not monitored pre-CPB. Biochemical indicators, including liver and kidney function (ALT, AST, Cr, etc.), blood glucose, and lipid profiles (TC, TG, etc.), were measured only at pre-CPB, before shutdown, and 30 min post-heparin neutralization. Intergroup differences and trend changes were analyzed. Results: Significant differences were observed between the two groups in age, BMI, CPB duration, heparin dose, and aortic cross-clamp time, whereas no significant differences were found in priming volume or protamine sulfate (PS) dosage. Pre-CPB, PIC (P=0.019) and CK (P=0.044) were significantly higher in the HTx group, while TP (P=0.018) and CHE (P=0.023) were significantly higher in the VAD group. No significant intergroup differences were observed 30 min post-CPB. At the before shutdown timepoint, TAT (P=0.027), ALT (P=0.048), AST (P<0.001), TP/ALB (P<0.001), TBA (P=0.006), CK (P<0.001), HBP (P=0.038), and IL-6 (P<0.001) were significantly higher in the HTx group. At 10 min post-UFH neutralization, PIC (P=0.027), IL-6 (P=0.001), and PT (P=0.047) were significantly higher in the HTx group. At 30 min post-UFH neutralization, AST (P<0.001), TBA (P=0.027), CK (P=0.005), and IL-6 (P<0.001) remained significantly elevated in the HTx group. Trend analysis revealed differing dynamic patterns between HTx and VAD groups for ALP, D-dimer (DD), HBP, LDL, PCT, TM, TBA, and tPAIC, while other indicators exhibited similar trends. UFH, APTT, and PT peaked during CPB and declined post-heparin neutralization, whereas DD (HTx group) peaked 10 min after heparin neutralization before declining. ALB, ATIII, FIB, and HDL reached their nadir during CPB. CK, AST, and IL-6 showed time-dependent increases, while CREA (HTx group) and HDL (HTx group) decreased over time. PCT (HTx group) displayed fluctuating changes. Conclusion: During the peri-CPB period in cardiac surgery, the pleiotropic effects and unique pharmacokinetics of UFH lead to complex and significant interactions with the immune microenvironment. High-dose UFH exerts a positive regulatory effect on immune homeostasis during CPB, while the immune microenvironment also influences UFH’s anticoagulant efficacy through multiple pathways. Additionally, the rapid clearance of UFH by PS may trigger a “second hit” on the immune microenvironment via inflammatory mechanisms.