Metaverse, NFTs and Artificial Intelligence: Toward a Continued Intellectual Property Crisis in European Union Law

Dimitris Liakopoulos — 2026-05-22

The present paper analyzes the legal classification of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) in European law, with particular reference to their potential status as digital works of art. After reconstructing the market’s evolution and the main legal controversies, this study challenges the interpretation of NFTs as mere digital certificates, arguing that, especially in native NFTs, the token can constitute the technical-legal basis through which the digital work is identified and circulated. The study addresses the tensions between tokens, underlying content and exploitation rights, focusing on the applicability of the exhaustion principle and the potential reshaping of rights in the context of digital resales. It also examines the critical issues arising from the lack of coordination between the regulation of crypto-assets, copyright and the regulation of artificial intelligence. It concludes that the shrinking market does not negate the cultural and legal relevance of the phenomenon, but requires a systematic realignment to ensure legal certainty and regulatory consistency.

Difficulties and Strategies for the E-C Translation of Marketing Texts Under Functional Equivalence Theory: A Study of Digital Marketing (Excerpts)

Wenli Wang — 2026-06-23

The world has entered the era of digital economy, driven by globalization and digitization. The emergence of digital marketing has greatly contributed to the economic development of our country, and the daily life and work of the people have been facilitated to a greater extent. The development trend of the world’s digital economy is characterized by variability, which has a certain impact on the development of China’s national economy. At present, digital marketing is developing in a good direction, which is of great strategic significance in the process of the development of the world economy and needs to be given great attention. This study is guided by Nida’s theory of functional equivalence, and the applicability of the theory in the process of information conversion between source and target languages is verified through case studies. In order to achieve the research purpose, the author reviewed a large amount of literature and referred to relevant parallel texts, revised and organized the translations, summarized the common translation problems and proposed corresponding solutions. In the process of practice, based on the theory of functional equivalence, the author explores the difficulties encountered in translation practice from the three levels of vocabulary, syntax and text, and uses translation strategies such as literal translation, incremental translation, fractional translation and sequential translation to solve the difficulties encountered in translation practice. This study is committed to achieving functional equivalence between the source text and the target text, flexibly adopting translation methods for the difficulties in the translation process, accumulating experience for business text translation, and hoping that this study can provide reference for the translation of subsequent business texts.

Journal of Research in Social Science and Humanities

Metaverse, NFTs and Artificial Intelligence: Toward a Continued Intellectual Property Crisis in European Union Law

Difficulties and Strategies for the E-C Translation of Marketing Texts Under Functional Equivalence Theory: A Study of Digital Marketing (Excerpts)