Electoral Governance in Africa at a Turning Point: Challenges, Reforms, and Democratic Outcomes in Cameroon and Ghana

Mballe Sube Ernest — Tue, 02 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines electoral governance in Africa through a comparative analysis of Cameroon and Ghana, with a particular focus on the challenges, reform trajectories, and democratic outcomes associated with electoral processes. Grounded in the normative framework of international and regional human rights law, the study interrogates the extent to which electoral systems in both countries comply with standards set out in instruments such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights. Adopting a qualitative, doctrinal, and comparative research methodology, the study analyzes constitutional provisions, electoral laws, institutional practices, and scholarly literature to assess the effectiveness of electoral governance frameworks. The analysis is further informed by Rule of Law Theory and Utilitarian Theory, which together provide a dual lens for evaluating both the legality and societal impact of electoral processes. The findings reveal significant disparities between the two countries. Ghana demonstrates relatively stronger electoral governance, characterized by institutional independence, credible reforms, and peaceful transfers of power, thereby contributing to democratic consolidation. In contrast, Cameroon’s electoral system is constrained by limited institutional autonomy, electoral irregularities, and weak implementation of reforms, resulting in diminished public trust and contested democratic outcomes. The study further finds that while both states have ratified key international and regional instruments, compliance remains uneven, particularly in terms of practical enforcement. The article concludes that effective electoral governance requires more than formal legal frameworks; it demands genuine institutional independence, political will, and alignment with human rights standards. It recommends comprehensive reforms aimed at strengthening electoral institutions, enhancing transparency, and promoting inclusive political participation. The study contributes to scholarship by integrating legal-normative and outcome-based analyses to provide a more holistic understanding of electoral governance and democratic legitimacy in Africa.

The Link Between Consignee’s Liability and Ownership in Transported Goods

Akum Gwendoline Bih — Fri, 03 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In logistics and transportation, the link between consignee’s liability and ownership in transported goods is often based on legal and financial responsibilities for the cargo which refers to title to the goods and is primarily defined by the contract of carriage of goods, its legal document viz the Bill of Lading and specific incoterms. The research problem revolves on the obscured maritime legislative nature lack of specific rules that clearly spare out consignee’s liability and corresponding relationship with goods in a maritime carriage contract. The main objective is to identify and portray specific circumstances under which the relationship between consignee’s liability and ownership in transported goods can be established in a maritime carriage contract. Findings further proved a lacunae in the marine legislations to determine and establish consignee’s relation with goods as per ownership, and demarcating boundaries for liability. This piece concludes that in spite of clarity of consignee’s responsibility, there is need for their liability towards cargo ownership to be properly established. This therefore recommend a revisit of maritime legislations to strengthen responsibilities and spare out their liabilities and limitations.

Law and Economy

Electoral Governance in Africa at a Turning Point: Challenges, Reforms, and Democratic Outcomes in Cameroon and Ghana

The Link Between Consignee’s Liability and Ownership in Transported Goods